26. Handling Dynamic AJAX Elements & StaleElementReferenceException

Handling Spinners & Dynamic DOMs

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(15));
// 1. Wait for loading spinner to disappear:
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementLocated(By.cssSelector(".loading-spinner")));
// 2. Retry loop for StaleElementReferenceException:
public static void clickWithStaleRetry(WebDriver driver, By locator, int maxRetries) {
    int attempts = 0;
    while (attempts < maxRetries) {
        try {
            driver.findElement(locator).click();
            return;
        } catch (StaleElementReferenceException e) {
            attempts++;
        }
    }
    throw new RuntimeException("Element remained stale after " + maxRetries + " attempts: " + locator);
}